Friday, January 31, 2020
Course reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Course reflection - Assignment Example While studying this course, ‘International Food and Beverages’ team work has been so helpful to me. Two heads are better than one. Working in a team always makes work easier. It’s a bond which promotes unity, reliability and support. Team work means a sense of unity, of enthusiasm for common interests and obligations, as developed among a group of people closely associated in a task. The oxford dictionary defines teamwork as the joint action of a group of people, especially when successful and efficient (Annet 2000). Team work has supported my more empowered way of working, it has removed limitations which might have prevented me from doing my job properly, it has Encouraged multi-disciplinary work where teams cut across organizational divides, enhances flexibility and awareness, especially the ability to respond to change and also Promoted the sense of attainment, equity and camaraderie. When managed properly, team work is a better way to work (Weyn, 2002). Despite the benefits of working in a team, it has not been easy. I have encountered different challenges. At times, Members could not feel mutually accountable to one another for the team’s objectives. There was a lack of commitment and effort, conflict between team goals and members’ personal goals, or poor collaboration. Secondly, decision making have been difficult. Team members would be rigidly adhering to their positions during decision making or making repeated arguments rather than introducing new information. Thirdly, poor communication has been another problem. Team members would interrupt or talk over one another. There would be consistent silence from some members during meetings, allusions to problems but failure to formally address them, or false consensus (Jone 2005). From my team work experience, team work can be effectively managed through; first, building trust among team members. If trust is lacking it must
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Marketing Analysis of Ecovers Current Position in the Market Essay
Marketing Analysis of Ecover's Current Position in the Market 1. Introduction The assignments mainly consists of the following parts: Firstly, an analysis of Ecover’s current position in the market. Secondly, how Ecover is changing its competitive strategy. Thirdly, consumer behaviour towards detergent. Finally, an outline for new marketing strategy for Ecover to enter the supermarket. 2. Background Ecover was founded in 1979 by Frans Bogaerts.It was a modest little detergent company in Malle in northern Belgium. Pierres Magnin a successful Swiss businessman dealing with pharmacies and health food stores, suggested Bogaerts to develop an eco-friendly detergent free of harmful chemicals (which was to be banned by the Swiss government as a part the proposed environmental regulations). Thus they entered the detergent market in Swiss and other key markets. Environmental disasters have made more and more people aware of the urgent need to protect the natural environment. 3 Marketing Audit Marketing audit give a picture of where the company is, how did it get there and where is it heading. It goes through the through the strength, weakness, opportunities and threat of the company. This analysis is called the SWOT analysis. It is divided into two major parts: External Factors and Internal Factors Strength and weakness are concerned with the internal factors and opportunity and threat are concerned with the external factors. 3.1 External Factors Here only opportunities and threats are analysed as these are supposed to be listed as anticipated events or trends outside the business that have implications for performance. These factors are not controllable by the company. Some of the factors discussed here are: 1.     Macro environment 2.     The Market 3.     Competition 3.1.1Macro Environment Macro Environment consists of Political (P), Economical (E), Social (S) and Technological (T) factors that affect the Company. Continuous monitoring of these variables is an important marketing function. As Corporations today, Ecover is also sensitive to Macro Environmental changes. Some of the PEST factors that affected Ecover are discussed below. Political: Marketing strategy is deeply affected by political trends. Issues like new laws, regulations, change in foreign policies etc brings change to t he bus... ...entalists to recommend its products. 9.Appendix Appendix 1: Survey of consumer attitudes:      Australia     Canada     Germany     Italy     Japan     Holland     Spain     Switzerland     Pay 10-15% more for green products     69     72     68     79     42     87     85     80     Boycott others     82     -     76     79     43     74     86     75     Give up 10-15% quality for environmental safety     65     -     62     80     45     74     64     78     Pay more even if its hard to make end meet     43     -     47     65     46     46     64     64     Source: David Jobber, 1998,Princilpes and practice of Marketing, 2nd Edition. Appendix 2: Table showing Ecover’s competitors ’ market share: Market Share Competitors in Germany& Austria     More than 50% Competitors in Swiss & Germany     Almost 50% P&G and Unilever together (in 1980s)     Almost 80% Private brands (by 1990)     10-30% 10. Bibliography 1. David Jobber, 1998, Principles and practice of Marketing, Second edition. 2.Subash.C.Jain, 1997, Marketing Planning & Strategy, Fifth Edition. 3.Wayne D.Hoyer, Deborah J.Maclinns, 1997, Consumer Behaviour.
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
A Network Enterprise Management System for Shopping Malls Essay
Background GICEL Shopping Mall is just like an advanced supermarket that sells mostly home products such as home appliances and cosmetics. It provides other services like selling ice creams, beverages and most food items used at home. The Mall sells products to customers categorized from children to adults. A Brief study of an Existing System During my decision to present this project topic, I surveyed several shopping malls, studied their daily operations and realized there was a need for a more reliable and cost-effective system. Below are a few things I studied: * GICEL shopping mall is more into selling home products and other items either for eating or wearing. The mall has an automated system that keeps the daily transaction records, employees’ detail, product records i.e. prices, stock level etc. all on a spread sheet (EXCEL). * There are about five or six counters where the employees sit to key in price of products bought. After each day and week the employees make a total amount of product bought with the sum of money they collected. * During a transaction, the customer takes a product he/she wants to purchase to one of the attendant who is sitting behind a computer with Microsoft Excel installed on, keys in the product with its corresponding price the customer pays and a receipt is issued to the customer. * All products in stock are recorded, records are taken for daily transactions on the spread sheet and at the end of the week reports are drawn even when they expected an ad-hoc report. * A special employee has to visit each o f the computers in the mall to draw those reports every week. Read more: Essays About Shopping Malls Problem In the case study, there was a problem of bad record keeping. The spread sheet (Excel) platform finds it difficult to combine records since purchases made by the customer are kept separately on individual sheets and on different computers. This makes it difficult to provide ad-hoc reports to managements of the shopping mall. In situations where a single customer is buying different types of products there is a problem of data redundancy. These makes the total amount that a customer needs to pay miscalculated and this has created loss of income and low productivity. Within four (4) months managements has fired about 3 employees due to incorrect account reports made. Managements of the Mall wanted to create accounts for regular customer but are frighten of bad customer records keeping. The special employee who oversees the other employees behind the counter mostly get fatigue by moving from one computer to the other. He has to copy all excel sheet of the records to his computer tally them and make accounts of it. There is also a problem of system security since data abstraction is not invoked in the system to prevent some unauthorized persons (employee) from making changes to some records. They easily lose their data since there is no backup system in place. The Proposed System The proposed system will provide satisfying interfaces to be used basically for keeping records of all employees and regular customers, tracking the daily transactions made, tracking the daily fiscal/monetary issues of the mall and giving GICEL shopping mall the opportunity to get the best out of the system satisfactorily. With the proposed system, services will not change but method of record keepings will change. A special/particular employee (administrator) will use this system to take care of all recordings while other employees provide the actual services. There will be a network between all the computers that will enable the special employee to sit in his office and monitor the other employees. The special employee does not need to move from his desk to draw inferences from the daily and weekly sales. He/she will also provide passwords to the attendants and make sure they are limited to specific forms only. Business Need This project has been identified to better keep record of products, easily update of stock and create accounts for regular customers and provide speedy services, security, reliable and adequate reports at the end of each day. Business Requirements * The system will help cut down the time spent on tracing the Mall’s monetary issues as well as calculations. The system will help keep the records of all purchases made by the management to stock the mall in order to know how much profit the mall is spending. Payments for products sold are also going to be recorded and the system is eventually going to give a supposed picture of how much money the mall is making or losing. The system will take care of the basic accounts of the mall, thus, providing the mall with its cash analysis. * Since there is a network additional counters can be provided to reduce customers queuing to pay for their products thereby satisfying customers which will increase customer population. * The system will help in the preparation and issuing of receipt (after customers have brought product to the counter and charges have been accepted and payments have been made). * The system should be also to keep records of employees, products with their prices, update and preview of stock level and record information on regular customers with their bank details. * The system should have a backup utility. * The system will also provide special features to help GICEL Shopping Mall have an easy access to certain tasks or certain programs found/installed on their operating system, without having to close this system. These will include some various programs that they use frequently such as notepad, calculator, word, etc. * The system will eventually help the mall to operate much faster and more efficiently, thereby improving productivity and customer satisfaction. Project Plan Given thorough supervision, I look forward to completing the development of this system by the end of the academic year. Methodology The methodologies for collecting data for the development of the system include observation, conducting interviews and giving out questionnaires. Special Issues Since this is the first version of such a system, I consider it a prototype which could be built upon in the future. I therefore recommend other students to take up from where we will leave off and improve upon our work. I hope future developments will include; * Smoothly run on web (internet). * Able to use a Barcode reading system. * Ability for customers to use ATM card to pay for products. * Standalone systems at special points in the mall where the customer will search for location of product with its prices to limit customer from asking attendants were to locate products. Conclusion I hope to provide a system suitable to be used by Shopping Malls. The system will be made flexible enough to provide users the ability to use it the way they want it for their desired results.
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
What Happened to Shakespeares Skull
An examination of William Shakespeare’s grave in March 2016 suggested that the body is missing its head and that Shakespeare’s skull may have been removed by trophy hunters some 200 years ago. However, this is just one interpretation of the evidence found in this excavation. What really happened to Shakespeares skull is still up for debate, but we do now have some important evidence concerning the famous playwrights grave. Shakespeare’s Grave For four centuries, William Shakespeare’s grave sat undisturbed underneath the chancel floor of Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon. But a new investigation conducted in 2016, the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare’s death, has finally revealed what lies beneath. The church has never allowed an excavation of the graveâ€â€despite many appeals from researchers over the centuriesâ€â€because they wanted to abide by Shakespeare’s wishes. His wishes were made crystal clear in the inscription carved into the ledger stone above his grave: Good friend, for Jesus sake forebeare, To digg the dust enclosed heare; Bleste be the man that spares thes stones, And curst be he that moves my bones. But the curse is not the only unusual thing about Shakespeare’s grave. Two more curious facts have bothered researches for hundreds of years: No name: Of the family members buried side by side, William Shakespeare’s ledger stone is the only one that doesn’t carry a name.Short grave: The stone itself is too short for a grave. At less than a meter in length, William’s ledger stone is shorter than the others, including that of his wife, Anne Hathaway. What Lies Beneath Shakespeare’s Tombstone? The year 2016 saw the first archaeological investigation of Shakespeare’s grave using GPR scanning to produce images of what lies beneath the ledger stones without the need to disturb the grave itself. The results have disproved some firmly held beliefs about Shakespeare’s burial. These break down into four areas: Shallow graves: It has long been asserted that the Shakespeare ledger stones covered a family tomb or vault beneath. No such structure exists. Rather there is nothing more than a series of five shallow graves, each aligned with the corresponding ledger stone in the chancel floor of the church.No coffin: Shakespeare was not buried in a coffin. Rather, the family members were buried simply in winding sheets or a similar material.Disruption at the head: Shakespeare’s mysteriously short ledger stone corresponds to a repair that has been made underneath the stone floor to support it. Experts suggest that this is due to disturbance at the head end of the grave which has caused significantly more subsidence than elsewhere.Interference: The tests conclusively proved that Shakespeare’s grave is not in its original state. Stealing Shakespeares Skull The findings correspond to a rather incredulous tale first published in an 1879 edition of the Argosy Magazine. In the story, Frank Chambers agrees to steal Shakespeare’s skull for a wealthy collector for the sum of 300 guineas. He hires a gang of grave robbers to assist him. The story has always been disregarded because of the (presumed) inaccurate details of the actual digging of the grave in 1794: The men had dug to the depth of three feet, and I now watched narrowly, for, by the clogging of the darker earth, and that peculiar humid state–small I can hardly call it... I know we were nearing the level where the body had formerly mouldered.No shovels but the hands, I whispered, and feel for a skull.There was a long pause as the fellows, sinking in the loose mould, slid their horny palms over fragments of bone. Presently, I got him, said Cull; but he’s fine and heavy.†In light of the new GPR evidence, the details above suddenly seemed remarkably accurate. The established theory up until 2016 was that Shakespeare was buried in a tomb in a coffin. So the following specifics in this story have piqued the interest of archaeologists: Details of the shallow three-foot graveDetails of the body buried directly in the earth with no coffinDetails of soil disruption at the head end of the grave Where Is Shakespeares Skull Today? So if there is truth in this story, then where is Shakespeare’s skull now? A follow-up story suggests that Chambers panicked and attempted to hide the skull in St. Leonards Church in Beoley. As part of the 2016 investigation, the so-called â€Å"Beoley skull†was examined and â€Å"on the balance of probability†was thought to be the skull of a 70-year old woman. Somewhere out there, the skull of William Shakespeare, if it has actually disappeared, may still exist. But where? With intensified archaeological interest sparked by the 2016 GPR scans, this has become one of the big historical mysteries and the hunt for Shakespeare’s skull is now well and truly on.
Monday, December 30, 2019
Stranded- Creative Writing Essay - 471 Words
Elliot Stretched out his arms as he woke up from a restless night of sleep. Poor Elliot was too afraid to sleep, afraid of the mysterious beastie. In the night he could hear a continuous whispering coming from outside the shelter, the whispering turned into nightmares. After rubbing away the sleep from his delicate eyes with his grubby hands he remembered all the bad dreams from the darkness of the night. These brought a tear to his eye as he remembered the comforts of home. Memories were slowly fading as time went on in the jungle. Slowly he made his way out of the shelter and was greeted by another boy shouting â€Å"El! El!†Without thinking about helping the bigguns with the fire or†¦show more content†¦Today Ralph was trying to explain certain matters of which Elliot just did not take in, Jack kept on interrupting and after a while the meeting broke up as Elliot joined the rest of the littluns playing on the beach. On the beach a few of the small boys were building a big sandcastle. They were all very excited as it slowly grew as they all helped eachother. â€Å"This is going to be so big,†exclaimed Elliot stretching out his arms. Roger strolled over and trod on the castle as if it was not there. â€Å"Why did you do that,†cried Mikey in anger. All the other boys gasped because they were all too scared to talk to Roger. Roger was renown as a bully but he had power from this. As Roger walked off the other boys just sat there and starred at the demolished sand castle. All the pride the boys had in the castle had gone. Elliot blamed all of the other littluns and stomped off. While he was calming down he went and sat down on a nearby rock. He thought for a while but so many thoughts passed through his mind. A little tear ran down his face and sparkled in the light of the sun. This tear was wishing him to be home. At first Elliot was happy for there to be no grown-ups, but now he missed them. After a while of sitting there lonely his tummy started to rumble. Elliot realised he was a little hungry but freshShow MoreRelatedAndre Dubus And The Fat Girl1785 Words  | 8 PagesAndre Dubus was a very creative writer. His parents, Andre Dubus and Katherine Dubus, took a ver y big role in his life. They took care of him and helped him get through college, and college is where his writing career had begun. He had two sisters growing up as well that supported him. He had a lot of great works in his life, and â€Å"The Fat Girl†was one of his most famous works he had ever written. He had a lot of awards throughout his writing career and had many influences on a lot of differentRead More Walton’s Letters in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essays827 Words  | 4 PagesHis letters set up a frame which encloses the main narrative (Frankenstein’s), and provides the context in which it’s told. The letters from Walton, a well-to-do Englishman with a passion for exploring, start when he’s in St.Petersburg. He is writing to his sister Margaret in England. 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Indeed, as John Clellon Holmes once noted: â€Å"TIME magazine called them the Silent Generation, but this may have been because TIME was not really listening. †Holmes in essence established the Beats as a recognizedRead MoreLanguage Barrier Is Not An Issue For Chinese Students2870 Words  | 12 Pagesinstance, Wan (p. 28) argues that, in China, students learn English mainly through writing rather than speaking. Resultantly, Chinese students may be good at writing English grammar and vocabulary, but experience a challenge with conversational English. Huntley (p. 15) adds that international students frequently experience problems taking notes, understanding lectures, participating in classroom discussions, and writing academic papers due to their limitation in English language. Huntley also statesRead MoreSample Resume : The Purchasing Process2382 Words  | 10 Pagesis well , can communication with people in different language , have good culture to pursued customer , should have capacity to handle firm requirement , all these to make agreement with the owner of company . third step we have to doer this by writing script in goo d way which include business name and all details about customer like address , job , telephone . mobile number , fax , email and this is look like a registration for make business .fourth condition during the transaction company sendRead MoreA Disappeared World By Chris Lowney2252 Words  | 10 Pageschronicles this panoramic sweep of human history and achievement, encompassing both the agony of Jihad, Crusades, and Inquisition, and the glory of a multi-religious, multi-cultural civilization that forever changed the West. Chris Lowney in his writing showed how these three controversial religious groups once lived and worked together in Spain, creating commerce, culture, art, and architecture. He reveals how these three faith groups eventually veered into a thicket of resentment and violence,Read MoreEssay on Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle3423 Words  | 14 Pagesprotect the cells from the transformation to cancer cells. Free radicals damage parts of the human cell, especially DNA (a hereditary material present in nearly every cell in the human/animal body) and RNA (similar to DNA except that it is a single stranded molecule). DNA and RNA direct the actions of each cell. Once this process is disturbed by free radicals (poor nutrition), cancer and other chronic disease can develop. (Kirschman, 2007) The result of poor diet, lack of nutritious foods, and absenceRead MoreLife Of Pi Questions6295 Words  | 26 Pages45 begins with Pi searching for hope by eagerly scanning the horizon for ships or anyone who could possibly rescue him. He spent his time looking out at the sea for any sign of human life that would be able to save him from his predicament being stranded at sea and now knowing how much time he has. 24). Pi realized that the hyena attacked the zebra and had bitten off its broken leg. The description Pi described the hyena with were now making sense as the hyena showed no compassion and was selfishly
Sunday, December 22, 2019
Bravery - 2842 Words
Bravery Youre walking down the street, coming home from school, and all of a sudden you hear a shrill voice calling Help! Help! You run toward the voice and when you run about a block up the street you smell smoke. You look up and see a house totally engulfed in flames. You see a woman on the lawn of the burning building crying, Help! Help! My babys inside! Inside the burning building? you ask. The woman nods her head up and down. You tell her not to worry, that youll save her baby. You run inside. Heat surrounds you. Your eyes sting and you can hardly breathe with all of the smoke, but you keep progressing because you know that youve got to save that baby. You make your way up the stairs, flames jumping at you†¦show more content†¦At the beginning of the play the murderer, who happens to be the narrator, tells how he went about murdering a man with an evil vulture eye. He insists that he was really only destroying the eye, that he only killed the man to rid himself of the dreaded gaping eyeball that had been haunting him. So, the way that I see it is that the narrator is trying to convince himself that he was brave enough to finally rid himself of the haunting eye that he may have been genuinely afraid of. What is the first thing that comes to your mind when you hear the word brave? Do you think about a superhero, or maybe a soldier that fights for our country? Bravery is the ability to face danger, fear or pain. Bravery is the quality of a person who displays courage and fearlessness in the face of danger. Such qualities show splendor and magnificence in a person. Fear and terror sometimes hinder the determination someone can show. Overcoming this fear is what portrays bravery. The boldest of individuals is the one who abides by his or her conscience. In Night the main character Ellie Weisel whom is also the author went through a dreadful struggle in a concentration camp. Through all the hardships, he obeyed his conscience and never abandoned his dad and he also managed to maintain his faith. In To Kill a Mocking bird by Harper Lee a different type of bravery is shown, Scout and Jem have to face a town that thinks theirShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative : Bravery Saved My Mom1057 Words  | 5 Pagesand in that moment you have to be brave it is very important. Bravery can ultimately change your life. Better things can come from bravery. I had an experience where being brave was my only choice. I believe if I had experienced more occasions earlier on in life were I had to be brave I would have handled the situation better, but if I had not stepped in at that moment my life could have indeed took a turn for the worst. In turn bravery saved my mom. I’ve grown up in a divided family, spending weekendsRead MoreBravery - Bravery And Courage992 Words  | 4 PagesBravery Personified Master Sargent Charles Burlington, III, wakes up from his mid-day nap to find his twin sister taking her own nap in the chair next to him. He will probably never admit it, but he takes great comfort in her presence. He suffered a tramatic brain injury with hearing loss in addition to the loss of his left leg by a roadside bomb in Kabul, Afghanistan that took the lives of two members of his team and maimed two others. His survival was uncertain when he was flown to a militaryRead MoreTrue Grit And Ray From Charles Portis s The Dog Of The South Show Devotion1369 Words  | 6 Pagesthey can most likely achieve their all time life goals. Mattie Ross from Charles Portis s True Grit and Ray from Charles Portis s The dog of the south show devotion throughout their novels: obsession showing devotion, revenge showing devotion, and bravery leading to devotion. Throughout True Grit Mattie is shown to be obsessive, which is shown through her devotion throughout the novel. That is my father. I stood there looking at him. What a waste! Tom Chaney! Would pay for this! I would not restRead MoreInherit The Wind by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee710 Words  | 3 Pagesnot define the people who advocate them. Each character in this play has viewpoints that influence their actions. The bravery, honesty and determination required to express an opinion defines a person more than the opinion, allowing one to respect a man who advocates unpopular opinions. When a man stands up for his beliefs despite their unpopularity, he exemplifies great bravery. While Bertram Cates may not have been the most brave man when the trial began, he later addresses the courtroom by sayingRead MoreThe Bravery of Odysseus569 Words  | 2 Pagesisland, and his flawless following of the gods instructions are acts of bravery that is uncommon in most men. Odysseus’ courage in the cave of the Cyclops Polyphemus banishes his crew’s trepidation and eventually gets them out of there. When Polyphemus returns to the cave after capturing them, Odysseus takes the risk to get the Cyclops’ attention so he can manipulate the one-eyed giant into drinking the potent wine. Odysseus’ bravery is catching and he inspires those with him. Once Polyphemus has passedRead More Essay on Bravery in The Tempest823 Words  | 4 PagesThe Theme of Bravery in The Tempest    Bravery performs a very important role in The Tempest. Different than a motif, the theme of bravery actually takes form in Shakespeares play and develops the play itself. However, like a motif, bravery is used intermittently throughout the play in different form and context. It captures different meanings and performs different capacities erratically. A denotative definition from the 15th century, according to the Merriam-Webster CollegiateRead MoreBravery : A Brave Hobbit723 Words  | 3 PagesBravery is a trait that people desire. It reveals the true heroes, and since not all people can be a true hero, bravery is not found in all. While some people might not show it, there are people who have shown it in incredible amounts, both in the fictional world and in the non-fictional world. â€Å"A sword wields no strength unless the hand that holds it has courage†is a memorable quote from a critically acclaimed video game (The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess). That miniscule quote presents oneRead MoreThe Virtue of Bravery Essays915 Words  | 4 PagesThe Virtue of Bravery In this essay I will be describing the virtue of bravery. I will first define what Aristotle thinks virtue is, explain the virtue of bravery, and then finally reflect this virtue on my personal experience in the Shaw neighborhood. Aristotle breaks down virtue into four aspects which are: a state that decides in mean, consisting in a mean, the mean relative to us, which is defined by reference to reason(1107a). He also states that there are two kinds of virtue:Read MoreThe Forms of True Bravery800 Words  | 4 PagesThe Forms of True Bravery Nelson Mandela once said â€Å"I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.†And fear is just a state of mind, a strong and thick barrier that prevents us from success and achieving our dreams or what we believe is right to us, but it is weak and thin when standing against courage, and once it is defeated, those barriers dissipate. But the main question is how canRead Morebravery in the face of danger500 Words  | 2 Pages A hero is someone who shows bravery in the face of danger. Odysseus, from Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey†is one of those epic heroes. Odysseus shows all the qualities of a Hero. He is swift, cunning, and intelligent. But the trait that Odysseus expresses the most is his bravery. During his journey, Odysseus faces many dangerous events. In these events, Odysseus must be brave not only for his men but also to overcome the situatio n and stay alive. One of these dangerous situations involves coming face
Friday, December 13, 2019
Break even revised Free Essays
The break-even point is a business terminology which refers to the level of output or activity wherein a firm’s total revenue exactly equals its total cost. At this point, the business entity covers all its expenses but earns no profit. The operating income is therefore zero. We will write a custom essay sample on Break even revised or any similar topic only for you Order Now The break-even point is exactly where a business entity crosses the line between being a losing operation to being a profitable venture. A business entity’s total operating cost is the sum of its fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs refer to expenses that are not a function of output and thus, do not vary with the production level. Fixed costs include such items as administrative salaries, property taxes, and insurance premiums. Other things constant, the break-even point varies in proportion to the fixed cost; an increase in the fixed cost translates to a corresponding rise in the break-even point. A fixed cost increase leads to a higher break-even level of output, depending on the degree of increase. In reality, it corresponds to the fact that a higher fixed cost would entail the need to produce more output in order to cover the total expense. Variable costs, on the other hand, are costs that change in direct proportion to the output level; each planned percentage increase in output will yield an equal increase in the variable cost. Variable costs include such items as raw materials and direct labor costs. An increase in the variable cost actually generates an equal increase in the total cost at each level of output, thereby raising the output level at which the firm will â€Å"break even†. In this sense, a variable cost increase leads to a higher break-even level of output. On the revenue side, bigger sales receipts mean either higher sales prices or greater sales volumes. A higher unit sales price is tantamount to a higher per-unit profit and in this sense, a lower break-even level of output. The higher profits generated by a unit sales price increase lessen the output level necessary for the firm to break even or cover its operating expense, thereby effectively lowering the break-even point. Unlike fixed and variable costs, the break-even point varies in inverse proportion to the unit sales price. Amidst all the modern business calculation tools, the break-even point concept will remain a useful business reference for generations to come. How to cite Break even revised, Papers
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